Semiochemical Insect Management Technique

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Today I discuss the general concept of insect semiochemical, its definition, its classification, its formulation, its use in integrated pest management programs, and its lack of application. Semiochemistry is often used as a biological control of plant pests. The most common strategy done by using semiochemistry is to attract, trap bulk, and kill insect pests.

What is Semiochemicals?

Semiochemicals is an organic compound used by insects to convey certain chemical messages that modify behavior or physiology. The term semiochemical comes from the Greek word "semeon" which means sign. Semiochemistry is commonly used by insects to find spouses, hosts, or food sources, avoid competition, break away from natural enemies, and overcome their natural defenses. [Source]

The benefits of semiochemicals can be used to communicate messages over a considerable distance compared to other means of insect communication such as touch. Semiochemicals have different molecular weights depending on the carbon chain. Biologically they are active at concentrations in very low environments, so their chemical characterization is complicated.

Experts have suggested the definition of semiochemical, one of which is Reddy and Guerrero, 2004 which states that Semiochemistry is a chemical compound that carries signals from one organism to another (interaction between organisms). These compounds can be derived from plants and animals that act as mediators in the interaction of an organism with other organisms, either between plants with insects, between insects and insects and between plants and other animals. [Source]

Semiochemicals is properties are very specific and harmless to the environment. The advantages of conventional pest control agents make promising semiochemical tools for the management of agricultural pests, especially under organic cropping systems.

Semiochemical can be used for pest control in the IPM environment. From plants, animals and microbes. Furthermore, semiochemicals can be regrouped in to pheromones and allelochemicals. Alelochemistry is reassembled into alomon, kairomon, and sinomon, antibiotics and microbes.

Classification of Semiochemicals

semiochemicals are classified by effects or function and this should be considered because the same molecule can act as a pheromone for one insect species and as a kairomone or allomone for another species. [Source]

Semiochemical is divided in two major groups: Pheromones are mediating interactions between individuals of the same species or specific responses in other individuals of the same species. (intraspecific reaction) Whereas Alelochemistry mediates the interaction between individuals of different species (interspecific interactions). According to the behavioral response, pheromones are subdivided into primary pheromones that have long-term physiological changes and pheromones releaser that give rise to short or direct behavioral responses. Allelochemicals are divided into kairomones that mediate beneficial interactions of the receiver, allomones, on the other hand, love the emitter. Synomones prefer emitters and receivers, and apneumones, which are substances, are produced by non-living materials that produce behavioral responses favoring recipient organisms but are harmful to the second organism found in non-living matter. Schematic diagram showing semiochemical classification. [Source]

Pheromone Insects

What is Pheromone?

Pheromones, derived from the Greek 'phero' which means 'carrier' and 'mone' 'sensation'. Pheromones are a kind of chemical substance that serves to stimulate and have sex allure in male and female animals. [Source]

According to Warsito, 2007 pheromones are chemical compounds secreted by an individual of a species that causes an intraspesifik interaction, ie a specific response in another individual of the same species. [Source]

The person who first proposed the term pheromones was Karlson and Lüscher who aimed to describe chemical signals that mediate intraspecific interactions. The sex pheromone of the silkworm moth, Bombyx mori was the first chemically identified pheromone in 1959 and considered the most important semiochemical used in pest management. Other pheromones include aggregated pheromones, which are produced by males and attract both sexes of specific individuals.

Pheromone sex moth is the most widely studied and widely used in the management of insect pests than other pheromones. A female moth emits a sex pheromone typically at the rate of a few dozen pictograms per second at a particular time of day or night. It has the behavioral characteristics of raising the abdomen and showing the pheromone glands at the end of the stomach, this behavior is called the calling posture. Male moths, on the other hand, synchronize their daily activities to call females to marry successfully. Males respond to pheromones by flying against the wind to find its source. An insect pheromone spreads from its source in the form of a strange odor drifting toward the wind and stretched, twisted, and torn into a substructure, interspersed with clean air pockets to form a foul odor that produces a continuous flying wind or so-called attraction. [Source]

Insect Parasitoid Kairomones

The semiochemicals play an important role in the parasitoid host relationship, which is categorized into three stages of habitat location, host location and host acceptance and oviposition. This semiochemical includes but is not limited to aldehydes, alcohols, sulfur-containing compounds, esters, terpenes, alkanes, heterocyclic aromatic compounds, proteins, amino acids, triglycerides, and salts. He stated that the semiochemical materials that habitat in the habitat may come from the host plant, while in the host's reception and oviposition steps, the semiochemical material is largely derived from the host.

The kairomones used by the parasitoids to locate their hosts can be divided into two groups, outside the host, ie long chain hydrocarbons, fatty acid ketones, cholesterol or esterified proteins found in the frass or glue of the mains used to attach the eggs to the substrate. Internalizedomomone represented by amino acids and salts in hemolymph, which usually have felt ovipositors and serve as indicators for host appropriateness for parasitoid offspring, a kind of maternity care found in many species of insects. [Source]

Interaction of Insects and Semiochemical Plants

Insects live in many environments volatile compounds including insect herbivores, host plants, and insect carnivorous semiochemicals. These volatile semiochemicals interact with each other and ultimately modifying the behavior and physiology of insect pest species some insects alienate or acquire host plant compounds and use them as sex pheromones or sex pheromone precursors. Plins that use pyrrolizidine alkaloids from their host plants as strong food inhibitors against natural enemies or biased predators butterflies, moths, beetles, grasshoppers, and aphids.

It has been shown that oil palm Elaeis guineensis, African palm semiochemicals host plant Rhynchophorus phoenicis produces a mixture of volatile ester in which ethyl acetate induces male beetles to release the aggregation of rhyncophorol pheromones.The orchid bee collects the terpenoid mixture of orchids and uses it as aggregation pheromone to induce lex formation or place where men compete for women gaga and semiochemicals plants.

Potential use of Semiochemicals against insect pests?

Semiochemicals has been used for the management of insect pests more than 100 years ago. Insect sex pheromones are semiochemical materials that are widely used for insect pest management especially members of the order Lepidoptera. The aggregate pheromones of the Coleoptera order are also used for the management of agricultural pests of economically important insects.

In this discussion we can find some serious agricultural pests including moths carob Ectomyelois ceratoniae, Tuta absoluta tomato miner, Spodoptera frugiperda, Bactrocera sp., Mt. pineapple, the red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus successfully succeeded by using Semiochemicals materials.

Many assume that Semiochemicals as a safe molecule because it comes from nature. However, there are some difficulties in the practical application of Semiochemicals in pest management, and because of these challenges, microchemical based pest methods are still at the beginning.

Here are some reasons that may encourage or inhibit the adoption of pheromones in an insect species management program are as follows:

• Biological differences in the search behavior of different species pairs.
• Chemistry of pheromones used.
• Proper use of traps.

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Semiochemical-based Pest Control Technique

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Use Hands by pulling and killing

This technique uses only attractants or semiochemicals to lure insects into places or areas that contain killer (insecticides, pathogens, or sterile), therefore this technique is called attracting and killing, attracting and infecting, and attracting and sterilizing, respectively. Techniques such as this lead to reduced populations of insects by killing targeted insects or reducing fitness and fecundity or disabling them by causing disease

Mating  Disruption

This technique is most commonly used in semiochemical-based pest management. It can manipulate the behavior of insects leading to population reductions. The environment in which certain insect pests need to be controlled is saturated with synthetic sex pheromones so the male's ability to discover the natural pheromone emitted by females can be disrupted.

Married disorders using synthetic pheromones or parapheromones are not completely lethal, but female mating delays can reduce. Female insects have a critical time to mate and reproduce so that it can affect their fitness and ability to choose a suitable location. Multiple insect mating systems involve transfer of certain peptides that trigger egg-laying behavior in females.

Using Mass Trap Techniques

Technique this is a pheromone technique commonly used for direct insect populations emphasized as spreading a high enough pheromone trap density that eliminates enough adults from the population and thus reduces subsequent larval damage.

Pheromones for monitoring are commonly used at low density and trapped insects have no effect on population reduction. Mass traps are very effective in the case of male-emitted pheromone systems that attract women such as beetles (red pocket sacs) and muzzle beetles. In this system, females are trapped, so the mass trap directly reduces the laying of the egg.

This technique is very effective with insects that have a relatively low population, stay long before laying eggs, put a small amount of eggs, and the larvae that appear cause considerable damage.

This technique has not many who do it, but if you are curious with semiochemical control techniques you can practice directly in your plants or neighbor's property. In this semiochemical technique there are only three that I can share, if you menumakan other ways, then you have done it.

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Conclusion

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Semiochemical has been exploited in several ways to manage insect pests. These include monitoring and detection, population suppression through marital disturbances, mass traps and interesting and killing techniques. Male-produced male aggregates are successfully used in alcoholic bait traps for the integrated management of wide-area red pockets on date palm and palm oil plantations.

RPW women respond to more aggregated pheromones than virgin girls who suggest that egg laying stimuli may be responsible for lowering these females to aggregated pheromones. A large number of adult RPW beetles fly into traps that are near their colony to the nearest trap and the further distances to trap the infestation point increase the chances of the beetle will not find a trap. RPW behavioral responses to pheromone aggregation should be considered when determining the trap density per ha for mass traps.

This is I write today and thank you for all my friends who have visited my blog if there are any shortcoming and the different view I apologize. Hopefully this discussion will be useful for all of us.

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Source

[1] monica-simanjuntak.blogspot.co.id
[2] biofob.blogspot.co.id
[3] gedogan.com
[4] academia.edu
[5] gedogan.com
[6]wikipedia.org
[7] pustakaserangga.wordpress.com
[8] wikipedia.org

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