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Kant - The Project of "Eternal Peace"

Kant formulated the main political ideas of the Enlightenment, which, through the Dutch and English Revolutions, find the most complete realization in the French Revolution to reach a unique theoretical demonstration in the mighty and contradictory German spirit. In analyzing the origin and nature of state Kant, he adheres to the "contractual theory" prevailing at that time, but he applies his "Imperative Imperative", which requires everyone to behave so that the principle of his behavior becomes the significance of a universal maxim. Kant thoroughly analyzes the complex of political ideas concerning the attitude of the state-head, the rights of the sovereign and the citizens. Kant distinguishes criteria for the classification of the forms of the state: 1) According to the difference of the persons who have taken the state power - autocracy, aristocracy and democracy, 2) By the way of government - republican and despotic. In the political analysis it is necessary to pay attention to the attitude of Kant to the distribution of powers. In the relationship between the three authorities - legislative, executive and judiciary - he underlines the crucial role of the legislature. The separation and independence of the three Powers do not mean a lack of dependency. The three powers are in relation to: 1) Coordination, 2) Consistency without usurpation, 3) Unification by ensuring the rights of all citizens. Particularly relevant for our century is the quantum theory of "eternal peace." The story has hardly moved forward and in resolving another issue posed by Kant: how to combine politics with morality? - There are 2 possibilities: 1) To adapt morality to the interests of politics or 2) To obey moral policy. Kant also leaves a peculiar will to the philosophers claiming (in accordance with Plato's utopia - the kings should not be expected to philosophize or the philosophers to become kings, and this should not be desirable because the possession of power inevitably perverts the free judgments of reason.

Hegel - Philosophy of politics and the state

According to Hegel, civil society expresses relatively different and distinct interests and goals in terms of political society and government. It splits to:

1. Needs,
2. Justice,
3. Corporation

The state also distinguishes itself into three groups of problems: the idea of the state has: 1) the immediate reality of an individual state as an organization, organization or internal state; 2) in the attitude of the individual state to the other individual states it is transformed into an external state right, 3) It is a common idea as a family and absolute power towards individual states, a spirit that manifests its reality in the process of world history. In spite of the unique speculative philosophical refinement and often artificial complexity, despite the stiffening framework of the colossal "triadic" formula, and, of course, the inevitable socio-political and ideological constraints, Hegel offers us the most developed political theory for our time. Let's start with one of his paradoxical thoughts that "everything is really reasonable and everything is reasonable." To this day it is interpreted in the sense of the apology of the existing political and state system. In the relations between the three authorities - the monarch, the legislature and the executive (including the judiciary), Hegel gives priority to the executive and the unifying power of the monarch in the name of unity and the prevention of the disintegration of the state. The opinion of Hegel on the distribution of powers is that the independence of the three authorities should not totally exclude their unity and does not mean complete independence and autonomy, otherwise there is a real danger of state disintegration.

This is the case with another famous Hegel's thought that every nation has such a state government (and such government and leadership) as it deserves, that is, what corresponds to its traditions, customs, culture, political and state development and experience , as is the will of the whole society. In the thought of Hegel, that the majority decision can not always be better than the decision of the government officials, it is a real and almost irreparable fundamental contradiction of democracy. Explained with modern words, this is the contradiction between democracy and professional competence in the political and government.