Procrastination is the grave in which opportunity is buried." ~ Author Unknown
To procrastinate is to put off intentionally the doing of something that should be done. it can also be said to be The act of replacing high-priority actions with tasks of lower priority, or doing something from which one derives enjoyment, and thus putting off important tasks to a later time.
This putting off of important tasks results in a sense of guilt that causes a loss of motivation and personal productivity. It can also lead to stress as a result of disapproval for not meeting commitments.
If you are procrastinating, ask yourself (with honesty)
Why am I procrastinating?
Is it for one of the reasons below, a number of the reasons below or for other reasons ?
What do I gain from procrastination?
What am I going to do about it?
Why do People Procrastinate?
Its easy to think (perhaps other people have told you) that youre lazy. However, there may be practical or complicated emotional reasons for procrastination which are worth exploring.
Common reasons are:
Poor time management or not managing time wisely
An inability to prioritise
Too many tasks to do at any one time
Anxiety or fear about the task - time is spent worrying rather than doing
Difficulty concentrating, perhaps because of other problems
Not knowing what is required of you in order to do the task
Feeling overwhelmed by the task
Concern about failing or not meeting standards set by self or others, of not being
good enough
Perfectionism, believing that anything short of perfect is a complete failure
Fear of success and its possible consequences
As an excuse - shortness of time allows the comforting thought It would have been better if I had had enough time
Negative feelings that youre not doing enough. Whatever you are doing you should be doing something else, its already too late and you have wasted too much time
All or nothing thinking where one setback is seen as a total catastrophe
Being bored by the task
Never having learned how to sort out problems in the past
Avoidance of things which are disliked or difficult
Resentment or anger that you would rather be doing something else more enjoyable or the feeling that someone else is making you do the work
What Do I Need To Do?
The first practical step to overcoming procrastination is being very clear about what needs to be done. If this is all hazy, then it is going to be very hard to get started. If the task is big or you have many tasks, you wont know where to start. If the task is small, you may be thinking it is worse than it really is. Being clear about what you need to do will bring you one step closer to doing, as you will know exactly what you are up against, and hence have a better idea about how to proceed. Knowing exactly what you need to do involves the following.
PRIORITISE
Firstly, write a To Do list of the tasks and goals you need to work on. This could be a list for the day, the week, the month, or longer, depending on what makes most sense for your circumstances. You may have more than one list, for example
a longer-term list for the month and a short-term list for each day. Depending on
your situation you may have lots of things on your list, or just one big thing that you have been putting off. When you stand back and look at the list(s), think how realistic it is to achieve these things in the time allocated. If it isnt realistic, see which tasks or goals can be postponed and revisited at a later date.
With your remaining list of activities it is now important to prioritise. Order them from { onwards as to what things need to be done first and foremost, then what next, and what can be done later down the track. That way you will know where to start, not based on what you feel like doing, but instead based on what is most urgent and important.
GRADE
The next step is to grade each task. What we mean by grade is to break the task into all the small steps that are involved in achieving the task. That way you break the task into chunks. This works well in the senses that if it is a large task and you dont know where to start, grading the task into its component steps can make it seem less overwhelming. Alternatively if it is a small task, when you go to grade it you may see there isnt much too it, and this may motivate you to get it over and done with. When you grade a task, think of the first step, and then work forward through the series of steps involved until the task is completed. Include all the steps big, medium and small. For the big steps, see if there is anyway you can break them down further if they seem too big.
TELL TIME
People who procrastinate are often not very good at telling time. What we mean by this is that they may underestimate how long something will take them, and hence do not allocate enough time, and so things dont get done or are late. They may also overestimate how long something will take them, and hence make the task a far bigger deal than it really is, which puts them off doing it. Improving your time telling by practicing estimating how long something takes can be helpful. You can do this by starting to keep a record of tasks you regularly have problems with because you either underestimate or overestimate the time required to do these tasks. Actually time how long it does take you to do these things and keep a record.
Once your time telling has improved, you can then make more accurate estimates of how long each step of each task will take you.
HOW CAN I DO IT?
Now that you know exactly what needs to be done, you can focus on the best way to approach each step involved in completing your tasks or goals. The overall aim is to take it one step at a time. However, there are a number of different possibilities for approaching each step of a task or goal, and there is no one right way. Below are some suggestions of different approaches you can try. Some of these approaches will be more suited to certain types of tasks, and less relevant for other types of tasks. Try them on for size and see which you like the most.
WORST-FIRST
One option is to knock out the worst task first. If there is something you are dreading, get it over and done with first, and then all the other things you need to do will seem like a breeze after that. This works particularly well for small, but dreaded tasks (e.g., phoning someone you dont want to speak to).
USING MOMENTUM
Another option is to start doing a task that you like and that energises you, and then without a break quickly switch to a task that you have been putting off. The idea is to use the motivation and momentum you get from the task you like (e.g., cooking), to help you get through the task you dont like (e.g., cleaning the fridge out).
JUST 5-MINUTES
A really useful approach for getting started on tasks is to plan to spend just 5 minutes on the task. This is such a small amount of time, so you will feel you can tolerate just 5 minutes. At the end of the 5 minutes reassess and see if you can spend just another 5 minutes on the task, and so on. You may decide to make the chunks of time a little larger (i.e., 10 minutes or 15 minutes), if this seems more reasonable for you. The idea being , set just a small amount of time to get started on a task, at the end of which see if you can go just another small amount of time more. You will be surprised at just how much you are able to extend your time working on a task, once you have gotten the ball rolling.
SET TIME LIMITS
A different approach is to set a specific amount of time to work on a task, and stick to just that, rather than extending things even if you feel you can. If you know in the back of your mind that you are going to expect yourself to do more when the time is up, it may stop you from starting in the first place, as it can feel like you are just trying to trick yourself.
Whereas, if you know you only need to do 30 minutes and that is it, regardless of whether you feel like doing more, you may be more willing to get going.
PRIME TIME
Choosing the right time of day to approach a task can be helpful too. You might need to work out what time of day you are most productive or energised or creative. The idea is to attempt tasks when you are at your optimum. You may be a night person, a morning person or a middle of the day kind of person.
Also, there may be different times of day that are better suited for different types of tasks. For example, all the dry tasks (e.g., household chores) you may be better at tackling in the morning, and creative tasks (e.g., painting or drawing) you may be better with at night. Another example is that you may find it easier to follow through with a new exercise routine in the morning compared to the end of the day, or vice versa. The important thing is to become aware of what time of day works best for you, and seize those moments to get going.
PRIME PLACE
It is also important to choose the right place to attempt a task. You need to be aware of what types of environments you get more done in, and what types of environments have distractions that make you more likely to procrastinate. For example, trying to get a task done while there are lots of people around, means there is the potential for social distractions, which isnt going to help you get going. Therefore, you mayneed to isolate yourself for a set period of time in order to get work done. In addition, attempting tasks whilst there are other distractions within arms reach (e.g., TV, fridge, telephone, etc), is just teasing yourself and tempting procrastination. Hence, seek out environments you can work in with minimal distractions (e.g., the library versus your home, your desk versus the loungeroom or your bed, etc).
REMEMBER-THEN-DO
For small irritating tasks that often slip your mind, a good strategy is that as soon as you remember you need to do the task, seize that moment to follow through. Rather than putting it off and forgetting about it again, use your remembering of the task as a sign to take action now.
REMINDERS
If forgetting tasks is a big part of why you procrastinate, use visual reminders and prompts to help you. If the things you need to get done arent in your face, then it
will be a case of out of sight, out of mind. So take steps to make sure that the tasks you need to get done are in your face. This could involve writing notes or lists and placing them in prominent places (e.g., fridge, bedside table, bathroom mirror, desk, diary), or using other reminders (e.g., mobile phone, email manager, asking someone else to remind you).
VISUALISE
Another way to approach your tasks or goals is to first visualise doing them. If you are good with imagery, bring to mind a very vivid and real picture of doing the task. Try to use all your senses to make the image as real as possible. In this image notice any obstacles coming up that get in the way of the task, and visualise yourself successfully overcoming those obstacles and following through with the task to completion. In the image focus particularly on the good feeling you have when the task is complete. Once the task is successfully completed in your mind, use the momentum from the visualisation to get going on the task in real life.
FOCUS
If you are feeling unsettled when sitting down to commence a task, take a moment to close your eyes and focus on your breath. Try to lengthen out each breath in and each breath out. Slow your breath down to smooth, slow and steady breathing. Take in normal and comfortable volumes of air, and try to allow yourself to breathe from deep in the lungs and belly, rather than shallow in your chest. Just focus on the breath. It may even be helpful to count your breath to yourself (e.g., breathing in-2-3-4holdbreathing out 2-3-4-5-6), counting whatever rhythm feels comfortable to you. Spend 5-10 minutes using your breath to settle and focus, and then return to the task. Anytime you notice yourself becoming unsettled, again just focus on a couple of slow and smooth breaths. Just observe the unsettled feeling, rather than being irritated by it. Let go of the feeling by imagining each exhalation as carrying that unsettledness away from the body, as the breath leaves the body.
PLAN REWARDS
A really important part of approaching tasks and goals in a productive way is to actually plan rewards and play time. Often the things we could use to reward ourselves (e.g., pleasure, socialising), are the very same things that distract us and get us procrastinating in the first place, and hence make us feel guilty. But, there
is a difference between these activities interfering and distracting us from what needs to be done, and instead using them to reward ourselves after something
has been achieved or as a well earned break from a task. The more you plan regular rewards for your achievements, the less you will feel like you are missing out or being deprived of something, and hence the less likely it is that you will procrastinate. The key is to let these rewards be guilt-free, by having preplanned them and fitted them around the work that needs to be done. People will often think “I don’t have time” or “I don’t deserve rewards or fun”. But think of it this way, the things you don’t like doing tend to zap some of your energy, whereas rewards, leisure and pleasure help replenish you energy, allowing you to do better quality work in the long run. It is all about a balance between pleasure and achievement. When you are a procrastinator the balance is out, in that there is more pleasure (often guilty pleasure) and little achievement. The aim with overcoming procrastination is not for it to be all about achievement and nopleasure, as that doesnt lead to a good life. Instead, finding the balance between pleasure and achievement is the key to being a doer, rather than a procrastinator.
WHEN CAN I DO IT?
Now that you know what needs to be done, and have some ways of approaching the tasks and goals you need to do, the final practical way to overcome procrastination is to identify when to do it. This involves having some routine, and hence an idea of where the tasks you have been putting off can slot into your routine. It is about making or allocating time to work on tasks or goals. There are two ways you can do this, to schedule or to unschedule your tasks and goals. You may want to try both ways and see which works best for you.
SCHEDULE
Scheduling is like keeping a detailed diary. It involves making a plan for what will be done, at what point in your day or week. On Page 8 you can see an example of how to use a schedule for your week. Notice how this persons existing routine and commitments have been scheduled into the week (e.g., breakfast, work, catching the bus, lunch, dinner, appointments, social outings, etc). Also included is a plan of when to do the steps for each of the tasks and goals they have been procrastinating on, and these tasks appear in bold type on the schedule (e.g., find gas bill/ring/pay, change/15min walk, tidy spare room, write Modules, etc). Notice how when you schedule your week, you make a decision about the specific time you are going to do things, this way your week is well planned and you know exactly when you will fit in the things you have been putting off.
UNSCHEDULE
The upside of scheduling is that you have a detailed plan in place to follow, and you know exactly what needs to be done when. However, there can be some downsides for some people. One downside is if spontaneous events interfere with the plan. If something interrupts the plan, some people find it hard to be flexible and get back on track with the schedule. Also, some people can feel like their week is too planned and regimented, and may resent this. In addition, if you dont happen to do a task or goal at the set time you planned for whatever reason, some people can feel like they have failed at the schedule and may give up altogether. If you find that these problems apply to you when you try scheduling your week, you may want to try using the unschedule (Fiore, 1989). The unschedule shares some similarities with scheduling, in that you use the same format to schedule in any existing commitments or usual routine, that is, the things you know will happen in your week. However, the key difference is that you dont write in when you plan to do the tasks and goals you have set yourself that you had been procrastinating on. Instead, by having scheduled your existing commitments, you will now be able to see where you have space in your week to fit other things. The unschedule will help you see where you have blocks of time to devote to the tasks
And goals you have been putting off. Then, when one of these blocks of time presents itself, you can go to your prioritised and graded list of tasks and goals, and decide what you are going to work on during this time.
Below are other practical tips that may be helpful in getting you going and following through on tasks.
SELF-MONITORING
Similar to marking in the blocks of time you have worked in the unschedule, self-monitoring is the process of recognising and recording what you have achieved. So when you have accomplished some work on a task or completed a task, mark it in on your unschedule, or tick it off on your schedule, or tick it off your initial list of tasks and goals you created. Dont let these things go unnoticed or get swept under the carpet, but instead acknowledge your achievements by having some record of what you have done. It is amazing how something as simple as merely crossing a task off your To Do List, can make you feel really good and keep you doing more.
TELLING SOMEONE
Another tip is to tell someone you trust that you are aiming to complete certain tasks or goals. Telling someone has three aims. Firstly, when you tell other people it signifies a more serious commitment that you are going to follow through on things, compared to when you do things in secret. Secondly, having another person check in with how you are going can be motivating, as it makes you feel accountable to someone other than yourself. Finally, if you are struggling, then that person can be someone you can gain support from in tough times.
ASSERTIVENESS
Another thing to consider is whether a lack of assertiveness is getting in the way of you overcoming your procrastination. For example, if you are unassertive you may find it difficult to say no. This may mean that you take on unnecessary tasks, which lessens the time you have available for the real priority tasks and goals you need to be working on. Another example is you may find it difficult to make requests of others, such as telling people you need some time alone to work on something important. As such, this may keep any social distractions going that interfere with working on your tasks and goals.
Assertiveness is a skill that takes some time and practice to develop. It involves recognising you have the right to say no and make reasonable requests, in a way that is respectful to both yourself and others. It involves not just what you say (e.g., "I am unable to do that job for you at the moment, is there someone else you could give it to or I really need some time alone to work on this right now, but I would love to catch up with you afterwards), but how you say it (e.g., clear and confident tone of voice, direct but calm style, making eye contact, standing straight, listening to others, etc).