chemical reactions honey glucose lemon tricarboxylic citric acid alkalizing effect

Antiviral
Antibacterial
Antioxidant

monosaccharide hydrolysis reducing agent simple sugar acid tricarboxylic citric ascorbic proton hydrogen ion pump synthesis krebs cycle cellular respiration ATP NAD+

Reducing Sugars and Ascorbic Acid

Most monosaccharides exist in an equilibrium between a cyclic form and an open-chain form that contains a reactive aldehyde or ketone group.

This free carbonyl group allows them to act as reducing sugars, meaning they can donate electrons to other compounds.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is related to glucose and is also a strong reducing agent (antioxidant). While sometimes referred to as a monosaccharide derivative, it is technically a "sugar acid" and not a true monosaccharide because it lacks the specific structure of an aldose or ketose.