Citric Acid (Citrate)
Ascorbic Acid (Ascorbate)
Tricarboxylic Acid

Angiogenesis
Vascular
Endothelial
Fibroblast
Stimulate
Stem Cell
Regeneration

Citric acid, a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, plays a significant role in stimulating angiogenesis, influencing vascular endothelial cells, and enhancing stem cell regeneration. It affects cell behavior and tissue regeneration, often in the context of biomaterials and wound healing.

Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Intermediate: Citrate (the ionized form of citric acid) is a central metabolite in the TCA cycle, which is fundamental to cellular energy production (ATP), also provides precursors for various biosynthetic pathways, including the synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids.

Vascular Angiogenesis Stimulation:

Citric acid and its derivatives promote angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels). Citrate helps sustain the proliferation of endothelial cells.

Stem Cell Regeneration: Citric acid stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of stem cells, such as stem cells from the apical papillae (SCAPs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). It enhances stem cell migration and differentiation into osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) by regulating energy metabolism and gene expression through histone acetylation.

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Potassium ((\text{K}^{+})) is the major cation inside animal cells, crucial for nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and heart function.Bicarbonate ((\text{HCO}_{3}^{-})) is an anion vital for maintaining the body's acid-base balance (pH). It is formed in the body when potassium citrate is metabolized.Citrate is an anion (specifically, the conjugate base of citric acid) that acts as a systemic alkalinizing agent when consumed as a potassium salt (potassium citrate)

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pancreatic enzymes ions

Potassium ions are a main inorganic constituent of pancreatic fluid. They are essential for general cellular function, and the active transport of potassium and sodium ions across cell membranes helps generate the ionic gradients necessary for normal pancreatic function and nerve impulse conduction.

The primary function of pancreatic ion secretion is the production of a bicarbonate-rich fluid to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum. The main ions involved in this process are sodium, potassium, chloride, and a high concentration of bicarbonate.

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Magnesium and potassium ions act as enzyme cofactors and activators, while citrate and hydrogen ions primarily act as enzyme activators (regulators).