Methylated Arginine
ADMA & L-NMMA
Asymmetric Arginine
Monomethylated Arginine
Methylated Arginine
Protein Degradation
Protein Detoxification
Arginine
Cysteine
Methylation
Dimethylargininase
Nitrosamine
Glutamine
Glutamate
Glutathione
Homocysteine
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Polyphenol antioxidants also play a role in down-regulating homocysteine.
Nitrosamine formation during digestion
Methylated arginine metabolites that are produced from protein degradation
An excess of RNS (nitrosative stress) or reactive oxygen species (ROS) can impair vascular function. The reduction in NO bioavailability caused by ADMA accumulation is a key aspect of this dysfunction.
Elevated ADMA not only reduces NO production but can also induce the formation of more harmful oxidative and nitrosative species.
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Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosamine_formation_during_digestion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_dimethylarginine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylargininase
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_detoxification
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Oxalate, inflammasome, and progression of kidney disease
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4891250/
Acidosis and citrate: provocative interactions
Erythorbic acid
conjugated double bonds acidic hydroxyl
group
lactone ring
Hot water infusion (for tea)
Plant materials: Use parts rich in vitamin C
Instructions:
Chop or bruise the plant material to help release the vitamin C.
Pour boiling water over the material.
Cover and let it steep for 10-15 minutes.
Strain out the plant matter before drinking.
Antioxidant hydrogen and electron donors
work by neutralizing free radicals by donating hydrogen atoms or electrons, which stabilizes the free radical and prevents it from damaging cells. This is a key mechanism for many antioxidants, such as Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and polyphenols, which are effective because their bonds can donate a hydrogen atom (which contains both a proton and an electron) or a free electron. Hydrogen gas (
H2cap H sub 2
𝐻2
) can also act as an electron donor, reacting with hydroxyl radicals to form water.
Donating a hydrogen atom: Many antioxidants donate a hydrogen atom to a free radical, which has an unpaired electron. This completes the free radical's electron shell, making it stable and ending the damaging chain reaction.Donating an electron: Antioxidants can also donate a free electron to a free radical to neutralize it.Stabilizing the resulting radical: The antioxidant itself becomes a relatively stable radical after donation, often through resonance (delocalization of electrons).Hydrogen gas ((H_{2})): Molecular hydrogen ((H_{2})) is a unique electron donor. It can selectively react with the most harmful free radicals, like the hydroxyl radical ((\cdot OH)), to form water ((H_{2}O)), thus protecting vital cellular components.
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Molecular Hydrogen 𝐻2
Elemental potassium reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas.
Hydrogen-generating tablets: You can create a supplement with potassium, citric acid, and magnesium that generates molecular hydrogen when dissolved in water.
When you add water to a tablet containing potassium, citric acid, and magnesium, a reaction occurs that releases molecular hydrogen gas, which then dissolves into the water. The potassium citrate part of the formula can provide additional benefits as a mineral supplement.
Molecular hydrogen water tablets use a reaction between magnesium and natural organic acids like tartaric acid to release hydrogen gas when dissolved in water. When you drop a tablet into water, the magnesium reacts with the acids, creating molecular hydrogen bubbles that you can drink.
Magnesium + Acids = Hydrogen: The tablet contains elemental magnesium and natural acids such as tartaric acid, malic acid, and adipic acid.Dissolving: When the tablet is added to water, the magnesium and acids react with each other.
Kidney stone formation is a multi-step process that involves nucleation, aggregation, and crystal growth, with aggregation being a critical step in which microscopic crystals "seed" and clump together to form larger particles.
Aggregation is the subsequent process where these small, individual crystals stick together to form larger aggregates. This is widely considered more critical than simple crystal growth by size alone because growth is often too slow to form a stone that can obstruct the urinary tract during the short transit time of fluid through the kidney tubules.
Retention is the result of aggregation; once crystals form large enough aggregates, they can be retained in the renal tubules or attach to the renal papilla (forming Randall's plaque), where they continue to grow over time into a clinically significant stone.
Rainwater becomes a solution of bicarbonate and carbonate when it dissolves carbon dioxide ((CO_{2})) from the atmosphere to form carbonic acid ((H_{2}CO_{3})), which then dissociates into bicarbonate ((HCO_{3}^{-})) and carbonate ((CO_{3}^{2-})) ions. Carbonate and bicarbonate are important components of the Earth's carbon cycle and determine water's pH and hardness, with bicarbonate being dominant at a neutral pH and carbonate dominating at high pH levels. How rainwater forms bicarbonate and carbonate Dissolving (CO_{2}): When rainwater falls, it absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.Forming carbonic acid: This dissolved (CO_{2}) reacts with water to create unstable carbonic acid ((H_{2}CO_{3})).Dissociating into ions: The carbonic acid then releases hydrogen ions ((H^{+})), forming bicarbonate ions ((HCO_{3}^{-})).Further dissociation: If the solution becomes more alkaline (higher pH), the bicarbonate can lose another hydrogen ion to form carbonate ions ((CO_{3}^{2-})). The role of water's chemistry pH and ion concentration: At a pH of about (6.3), the concentration of dissolved (CO_{2}) and bicarbonate are equal. As pH increases, bicarbonate becomes the dominant ion, and at a pH above (10.3), the carbonate ion becomes dominant.Buffering capacity: Because of this reaction, rainwater naturally contains bicarbonate and acts as a buffer, keeping most natural water bodies within a pH range of (6) to (9).Mineral dissolution: Rainwater's acidity also allows it to dissolve minerals like calcium carbonate from rocks, which increases the concentration of both calcium and bicarbonate ions in the water, leading to hard water.
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Wood ash contains a high concentration of calcium carbonate, along with potassium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, which are responsible for its strong alkaline properties and ability to neutralize acids (raise pH).
Fresh ash may contain highly reactive calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO), which react with water to form hydroxides (like Ca(OH)₂) or with carbon dioxide to form carbonates, all of which are basic.
Typical mineral content by weight includes:
Calcium (Ca): 7–33%Potassium (K): 3–10%Magnesium (Mg): 1–2%Phosphorus (P): 0.3–1.4%