And in that sense, it's the first LLM that's really starting to create that strange, but super-effective AlphaGo-style 'understanding' of problem spaces. In the domains where it's NOW surpassing Ph.D.-level capabilities and knowledge, it got there essentially by trial and error, by chancing upon the correct answers over millions of self-generated attempts, and by building up its own theories of what's a useful reasoning step and what's not.