The fusion of hydrogen and boron creates a couple of helium atoms, which are naked and have no electrons. This lack of electrons means that the helium atoms have a positive charge, which HB11’s machine harnesses to create a current that can be used directly.

If HB11 succeeds, its reactors would be smaller and simpler than the high-temperature fusion reactors, and we could see very small, cheap industrial units on the outskirts of every town and city worldwide, producing unlimited, safe, clean, zero-carbon electricity.

This surge in private sector engagement in fusion research stems from the convergence of various factors, says Barbarino.