Part 6/13:

Indonesia’s defense budget, around 0.6-0.7% of GDP, remains insufficient for the comprehensive modernization needed. Compared to regional powers and global standards, this is a modest figure, inadequately reflecting the rising security threats Indonesia faces—from territorial disputes to transnational crimes. Despite the nearly quadrupled defense expenditure over two decades, the budget still falls short of what’s necessary to build and sustain advanced naval capabilities.