Part 4/11:
Ho Chi Minh City’s wastewater treatment facilities are also at risk. With 14 facilities, 12 are vulnerable to flooding, which can exacerbate sanitation issues and environmental degradation. The rapid pace of urbanization adds further complexity, often outpacing the development of effective spatial planning and building safety standards. Many residents and developers remain unaware of the full scope of flood risks, leading to continued investments in low-lying areas that remain perilously exposed.