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A defining feature of Saturnalia was its emphasis on social equality, albeit temporary. During the festivities, social hierarchies were relaxed, allowing masters and slaves to share meals and even swap attire. Slaves were granted an unusual reprieve from the rigid norms of their daily lives, with the poet Martial observing that the festival fostered a unique camaraderie. Emancipated from their societal roles, they could express grievances and partake in gambling—activities otherwise prohibited throughout the year.

In a bid to symbolize this egalitarian spirit, both slaves and their masters would don the pileus, a conical felt cap that represented freedom. This sharing of garments and the loosening of social strictures created an air of joy that permeated every celebration.