Part 11/14:
4.2 \times 10^{20} \text{ particles}
]
which is far less than the total number of particles in just one mol of water ((6.022 \times 10^{23})). This illustrates sheer magnitude: even "god-like" counting cannot match the number of particles in ordinary matter—a humbling perspective aligning physics with cosmic scales.
Thermodynamic Processes in Practical Systems
Cyclic Engines and Power Plants
Real engines cycle through processes that:
Convert heat into work
Require heat input at high temperature
Recoil heat into lower-temperature reservoirs
In thermal power plants, water transitions through various phases—liquid, vapor, and condensed—within cyclic processes akin to Carnot cycles, despite inefficiencies.