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Finally, as stars exhaust their resources and dim, effective conservation strategies for hydrogen become vital. By harnessing energy from black holes—one of the universe's most potent energy sources—we may extend our existence far beyond traditional limits, living through the final stretches of the universe's lifetime.

Conclusion

How long will humanity survive? This inquiry ultimately hinges on our ability to face immediate challenges, expand our territory, and effectively manage resources. If we remain solely on Earth, our civilization may persist for just a few million years. By colonizing our solar system, we might last nearly a billion years. Successfully inhabiting the galaxy could yield survival potentials scaling up to hundreds of trillions of years.