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Dolphins' intelligence can be partly attributed to their brain size relative to their body mass, known as the encephalization quotient (EQ). While humans hold the highest EQ (between 7.4 and 7.8), bottlenose dolphins follow closely behind with an EQ of 5.3. However, brain size alone is not a definitive indicator of intelligence.

Neurobiologist Dr. Lori Marino has conducted studies showing that a significant portion of the dolphin brain consists of the neocortex, similar to humans. This region is crucial for higher-order functions, and its convoluted structure allows for extensive neuron connectivity. Furthermore, the presence of spindle neurons, or Von Economo neurons, associated with emotions, social interactions, and empathy, bolsters the argument for dolphins' cognitive capabilities.