Photo: Jean Demmeni/Leiden University
The life of the indigenous people who were poor and underdeveloped made the Dutch people's insistence on the implementation of ethical politics stronger in their colony. After the implementation of ethical politics in 1901, the Dutch East Indies colonial government only began to provide education for indigenous people.
It was the generation that received education due to ethical politics that later became the seed of the Indonesian national movement that strengthened in the 1920s, and eventually became an important component in Indonesia's independence in 1945.
The photo above shows teachers and students at a school in Bogor circa 1911.