Aceh (Dutch: Atchin or Acheh, English: Achin, French: Achen or Acheh, Arabic: Asyi, Portuguese: Achen or Achem, Chinese: A-tsi or Ache) now known as Aceh province Substrate of the Mon-Khmer language family with the division of other languages such as the southern part using Aneuk Jame language while the Middle, Southeast and East portions use the Gayo language for the southeast using Alas language on the eastern more east again using the Tamiang language So with the ethnic Klut group in the south using the Klut language while in Simeulue using the language of Simeulue but each of these local languages can be divided also into dialect. The language of Aceh, for example, is to speak with little difference in Aceh Besar, in Pidie, and in Aceh Utara. Similarly, in Gayo there is Gayo Lut, Gayo Deret, and Gayo Lues dialect and other ethnic groups of Singkil in the southeast (Tanoh Alas) using Singkil language. Other historical sources can be obtained such as from Hikayat Aceh, Hikayat Rajah Aceh and Hikayat Prang Sabi from the history of narration which is then generally written in Jawi script (Jawoe). However, as the weakness of the narrative history based on pinutur, according to Prof. Ibrahim Alfian that the script Hikayat Prang Sabi (Aceh: Hikayat War Sabil) has many versions and one with another there are differences as well as the script Saga Hikayat War version of 1710 located in the library of the University of Leiden in the Netherlands.Some believe that the origin of the Acehnese is the "Mantir tribe" (or in the Acehnese language Mantee) associated with the "Spell" in Malacca and the Mon-Khmer speakers. According to other historical sources the narrative mentioned that especially the residents of Aceh Besar residence in the village of Seumileuk which is also called the village of Rumoh Dua Blaih (village of Rumoh 12), located above Seulimeum between Jantho village with Tangse. Seumileuk means a vast plain and Mantir then spread across the three sides of Aceh valley and then moved to other places.
culture
Cultural grouping in four cultural divisions based on the people (kawom) or also called as tribe (sukee) large follow the search among others through the ancient languageThe Lhee Reutoh (kaum / sukee three hundred) originated from the Mantee culture as a native.The Imeuem Peuet (kaum / sukee imam four) originating from Hindu southern India.The Tok Batee (the stalwart sukee) came later from various Eurasian, East Asian and Arab ethnic groups.Ja Jaang (people / sukee penyandang) ie Indian immigrants who generally have embraced Islam.
early history
In the book sources chronicle of the kingdom of Liang [10] and the Sui kingdom [11] in China was mentioned around the year 506 to 581 AD there is a Poly kingdom whose territory covers Aceh Besar [12] [13] while in Nāgarakṛtāgama is called Lamuri Kingdom [14] ] Which in Arabic sources of history is called Lamkrek, Lam Urik, Rami, Ramni whereas and in other Chinese historical sources it is also called Lan Li, Lan-wuli or Lan Wo Li with a seaport called Ilamuridesam as well as written by Marco Polo (1292) of Venetian origin in the book returning from China to Persia (Iran) [15] [16] while still under the influence of the sovereignty of the Sriwijaya kingdom under the dynasty of Syailendra with its first king Balaputradewa, headquartered in Palembang , South Sumatra is strong and its power area extends, including Bone Tulang Bawang, Bangka Island, Jambi, Genting Kra and Java Island which then build Bo RobudurWhen the kingdom of Srivijaya was at its peak of glory and prosperity which play a decisive role by setting a trading pattern consists of three layers namely ports and warehousing major in Palembang while the port and warehouse sub-regional as Ilamuridesam (Lamuri), Takuapa (Kedah), Jambi and Lampung further followed Breech and multiple pelabuhah other minor uses groove Musi river where the hegemony of trade flows is the kingdom obtain tribute prosperous turns inviting kedatangnya expedition fleet of the king Rajendra Chola of the Chola southern India in the year 1025 with a new offensive to all ports on Sriwijaya including Ilamuridesam (Lamuri) and Takuapa (Kedah) which is crushed into silence as narrated in Tanjore inscription 1030 in India said that in sending a number of very large ship into the middle of the surging seas and destroy arma da elephant big of Malay kingdom of Srivijaya and seize property that is very much below the gate ratna mutu manikam jeweled very picturesque, gate big stones gems and ultimately the King of Srivijaya named Sanggrama Wijayatunggawarman can be captured and then released after admitting defeat, [18 ] shortly after the fleet Chola back kenegerinya while a number of others settle down and be a part of the population, from here we can conclude that the attack was more intended to secure or takeover of trade lanes in the straits of Malacca at that time was already a line of international trade that is important rather than Undertook an occupation when military power and Sriwijaya diplomacy were weakened [19] as more focused on the development of trade. [20] Since this defeat the authority of the kingdom of Sriwijaya began to decline with the dratis which provides opportunities for the kingdoms that were under the sovereignty of Sriwijaya began to enlarge and regain full sovereignty. However, the existence of Sriwijaya only ended in 1377.
samudra pasai
The Samudera-Pasai Islamic empire in Aceh with its king Malik Al Saleh and forwarded by his granddaughter Malik Al Zahirera malik salehPrior to the Ottoman dynasty in Turkey established in 699 H-1341 H or along with the year 1385 M-1923 AD, it turns out far away in the eastern world, in the Asian world, has emerged the Islamic Empire Ocean-Pasai residing in the region of Aceh Founded by Meurah Silu (Meurah means Maharaja in Acehnese) who soon renamed after converting to Islam by the name of Malik al-Saleh who died in 1297. Where his successor is unclear, but in 1345 Samudera-Pasai was ruled by Malik Al Zahir, The grandson of Malik al-Saleh. According to Hikayat Raja Pasai, this kingdom was also attacked by Siamese troops during the reign of Sultan Maliku'l-Nassar, and the attack was successfully driven when Sultan Maliku'l-Mahmud arrived and succeeded in killing the leader of Siamese Army, Talak SejangThe Politics of Samudera Pasai is against the Politics of Gajah MadaGajah Mada who was appointed as a patih in Kahuripan (1319-1321) by Jayanagara from Majapahit. And in 1331, rose to Gajah Mada Mahapatih Majapahit who was appointed by the Queen Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi.When the inauguration of Gajah Mada became mahapatih Majapahit this came out his words which are called by the palapa oath which contains "he will not enjoy palapa before the whole usantara is under the power of the kingdom of Majapahit". According to Hikayat Raja Pasai preached Majapahit attack to Pasai during the reign of Sultan Ahmad Perumudal Perumal. Possible attacks by Majapahit occurred in 1350 or 1361 simultaneously with attacks on Jambi & Palembang [22]. In the 14th century, Sriwijaya was replaced by the Dharmasraya kingdom in Sumatra. This is because Sriwijaya has weakened after the Chola Indian offensive in 1025, making Dharmasraya a Pamalayu Expedition by Singasari on Sumatra Island in 1275 based on Padang Roco Inscription and Pararaton Fiber.
Sultanate of Aceh
Era Sultan Iskandar MudaAceh is a very rich and prosperous country in its heyday. According to a French explorer who arrived during the heyday of Aceh during the time of Sultan Iskandar Muda Meukuta Perkasa Alam, Aceh's power reached the western coast of Minangkabau, East Sumatra, to Perak in peninsular Malaysia.Aceh is one of the nations on the island of Sumatra which has a military tradition, and was once the strongest nation in the Malacca Straits, covering the territory of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, when under Iskandar Muda.Sultan Iskandar Muda later married a princess of the Pahang Sultanate. This princess is known by the name of Putroe Phang. It is said, because too much love of the Sultan with his wife, Sultan ordered the construction of Gunongan in the middle of the Khayali Field (Taman Istana) as a sign of his love. Reportedly, the princess is always sad because it harbored a very longing homesick hometown. Therefore the Sultan built Gunongan to mengubati miss the princess. Until now Gunongan still can be seen and visited.Aceh against the PortugueseWhen the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai was in crisis, the Malacca Sultanate that emerged under Parameswara (Paramisora) was renamed after converting to Islam with the call of Iskandar Shah. The Malacca Islamic Empire advanced rapidly until 1511 when the Portuguese under the leadership of Afonso DAlbuquerque with his fleet conquered Malacca.When Malacca fell into the hands of the Portuguese, Aceh came back under Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah (1514-1528). That was continued by Sultan Salahuddin (1528-1537). Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syahal Kahar (1537-1568). Sultan Ali Riyat Shah (1568-1573). Sultan Seri Alam (1576. Sultan Muda (1604-1607) Sultan Iskandar Muda, the title of natural crown marhum (1607-1636) All the attacks launched by the Portuguese to control Aceh could be warded On the other hand Aceh also carried out attacks to overthrow the Portuguese In Malacca, which inhibited the expansion of the Portuguese in southeast asia.Relations with the WestIn the 16th century, the Queen of England, Elizabeth I, sent a delegate named Sir James Lancester to the Kingdom of Aceh and sent a letter addressed: "To the Servant, King of Aceh Darussalam." As well as a set of high value jewelry. The Sultan of Aceh at that time accepted the good intentions of his "sister" in England and allowed the British to anchored and traded in the territory of Aceh. Even the Sultan also sent valuable gifts including a pair of ruby bracelets and letters written on delicate paper with gold ink. Sir James was also awarded the title of "The Rich White Man".Sultan of Aceh also replied to the letter from Queen Elizabeth I. Here is a snippet of the contents of the letter of Sultan of Aceh, which is still stored by the British royal government, dated 1585:"I am the mighty ruler of the Nations under the wind, collected on the land of Atjeh and upon the land of Sumatra and over the entire territory which is subject to Aceh, which extends from the horizon of the sunrise to the sunset. "The intimate relationship between Aceh and England continued at the time of King James I of England and Scotland. King James sent a cannon as a gift to the Sultan of Aceh. The cannon is still well preserved and is known by the name of King James Cannon.inggrisIn addition to the United Kingdom, Prince Maurits - the founder of the dynasty of Oranje - has also sent a letter with the intention of requesting the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam. The Sultan welcomed their good intentions by sending his delegation to the Netherlands. The group was led by Tuanku Abdul Hamid. During his visit Tuanku Abdul Hamid became sick and died. He was buried in a large scale in the Netherlands with the presence of the Dutch authorities. However, because the Dutch had never buried a Muslim, he was buried with the Christian way in the yard of a church. Now in the tomb he has an inscription that was inaugurated by the late Reverend Prince Bernhard the husband of the late Queen Juliana and Her Excellency Queen Beatrix.
belanda
During the time of Iskandar Muda, the Kingdom of Aceh sent its envoys to the Ottoman Sultan based in Istanbul. Because at that time the Ottoman Empire was gering then the envoy of the Aceh Kingdom was lingered so long that they had to sell little by little gift offerings for their survival. Then in the end when they were received by the Emperor, their offerings were only Lada Sicupak or Lada sekarung. But the Emperor welcomed the gift and sent a cannon and some capable men in war science to help the kingdom of Aceh. The cannon is still there until now known as Meriam Lada Sicupak. In the subsequent period the Ottoman Sultan sent a service star to the Sultan of Aceh. According to the information now in the village Blang Balok peureulak subdistrict (source MAA Atim). In 1565, the Ottoman Empire sent an expedition to help the Aceh Sultanate fight the Portuguese in Malacca. This expedition was a continuation of the talks of the Aceh envoy with the Ottoman Sultan, Solomon in 1564. [23] The first Ottoman expedition was led by Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis consisting of 15 ships with various artillery cannons.UtsmaniyahDuring the time of Iskandar Muda, the Kingdom of Aceh sent its envoys to the Ottoman Sultan based in Istanbul. Because at that time the Ottoman Empire was gering then the envoy of the Aceh Kingdom was lingered so long that they had to sell little by little gift offerings for their survival. Then in the end when they were received by the Emperor, their offerings were only Lada Sicupak or Lada sekarung. But the Emperor welcomed the gift and sent a cannon and some capable men in war science to help the kingdom of Aceh. The cannon is still there until now known as Meriam Lada Sicupak. In the subsequent period the Ottoman Sultan sent a service star to the Sultan of Aceh. According to the information now in the village Blang Balok peureulak subdistrict (source MAA Atim). In 1565, the Ottoman Empire sent an expedition to help the Aceh Sultanate fight the Portuguese in Malacca. This expedition was a continuation of the talks of the Aceh envoy with the Ottoman Sultan, Solomon in 1564. [23] The first Ottoman expedition was led by Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis consisting of 15 ships with various artillery cannonsperancisThe Kingdom of Aceh also received the visit of the Royal Kingdom envoy. The envoy of the King of France originally intended to present a precious mirror to the Sultan of Aceh. But on the way the mirror broke. Finally they dedicate the fragments as a gift to the Emperor. In his book, Denys Lombard says that Sultan Iskandar Muda is very fond of valuable objects. At that time, the Kingdom of Aceh was the only Malay kingdom that had Balee Ceureumeen or the Glass Hall inside his palace. According to the French Envoy, the Palace of the Sultanate of Aceh is not less than two kilometers. The palace is called the In Darud Donya Palace (now Meuligo Aceh, the residence of the Governor). It includes Medan Khayali and Medan Khaerani that can accommodate 300 elephants. Sultan Iskandar Muda also ordered to move the flow of the Krueng Aceh River to flow through his palace (the river is still visible today, flowing calmly around Meuligoe). That's where the sultan often swims while entertaining his guests.Pasca-Sultan Iskandar ThaniThe kingdom of Aceh after the death of Sultan Iskandar Thani experienced a continuous decline. This is due to the rise of four Sultanahs in a row that aroused the anger of the Wujudiyah Ulama. In fact, Seri Ratu Safiatudin Seri Ta jul Alam Syah Sovereign Zilullahil Filalam who is the first Sultanah is a very capable woman. He is the daughter of Sultan Iskandar Muda and the wife of Sultan Iskandar Thani. He also has six languages, Spanish, Dutch, Aceh, Malay, Arabic, and Persian. At that time in the Parliament of Aceh which consists of 96 people, 1/4 of whom are women. The resistance of the Wujudiyah clerics continued until the fatwa of the Grand Mufti of Mecca expressed its objection to a woman who became a Sultanah. Finally ended the heyday of women in Aceh.The arrival of the colonialThe Aceh Sultanate was involved in a prolonged power struggle since the early 16th century, first with Portugal, then since the 18th century with Great Britain (England) and the Netherlands. At the end of the 18th century, Aceh was forced to surrender its territory in Kedah and Pulau Pinang in the Malay Peninsula to Great Britain.In 1824, the British-Dutch Treaty was signed: Britain surrendered its territory in Sumatra to the Netherlands. The British claim that Aceh is their colony, although this is not true. In 1871, Britain allowed the Dutch to colonize Aceh, possibly to prevent France from gaining power in the region.Aceh War In 1873 an Aceh war broke out against the Dutch. The Aceh War was caused by:The Dutch occupied the Siak area. As a result of Siak 1858 agreement. Where Sultan Ismail handed over Deli, Langkat, Asahan and Serdang areas to the Dutch, whereas those areas since Sultan Iskandar Muda were under the rule of Aceh.The Dutch violated Siak, then ended the London treaty (1824). Where the contents of the London agreement are the Netherlands and Britain make provisions on the boundaries of power of the two regions in Southeast Asia that is with the latitude of Sinagpura. Both recognize the sovereignty of Aceh.Aceh accused the Dutch of failing to keep its promise, so that Dutch ships passing through the waters of Aceh were drowned in Aceh. This Aceh act was approved by the British, because the Dutch were guilty.The opening of the Suez Canal by Ferdinand de Lesseps caused the waters of Aceh to be very important for trade traffic.The creation of the 1871 Sumerian Agreement between Britain and the Netherlands, which in its contents, the British gave the Dutch freedom to take action in Aceh. The Dutch must maintain the security of traffic in the Strait of Sumatra. The Dutch allowed Britain free trade in Siak and surrendered its territory in Western Guinea to Britain.Due to the Sumatran 1871 agreement, Aceh established diplomatic relations with the American Consul, Italy, Turkey in Singapore. And sent emissaries to Turkey 1871.Due to Aceh's diplomatic relations with the American Consul, Italy and Turkey in Singapore, the Dutch made it an excuse to attack Aceh. Vice President of the Council of the Indies Frederik Nicolaas Nieuwenhuijzen with his two warships came to Aceh and asked for information from the Sultan Machmud Syah tengtang what has been discussed in Singapore, but Sultan Machmud refused to provide information.The Netherlands declared war on Aceh on March 26, 1873 after making several diplomatic threats. An expedition with 3,000 soldiers led by Major General Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler was sent in the year, but the expedition was defeated by the Aceh army, under the command of Polem Commander and Sultan Machmud Syah, who had modernized his weapons. And even Köhler himself was shot dead in front of the Baiturrahman Great Mosque on April 10, 1873.The second expedition under the leadership of General Jan van Swieten succeeded in seizing the sultan's palace. When Sultan Machmud Shah died on January 26, 1874, was replaced by Tuanku Muhammad Dawood who was crowned as the sultan of Aceh in Indrapuri mosque. On October 13, 1880, the colonial government, having succeeded in taking control of the palace, told the world that Aceh had been conquered and the war was over. But the Dutch government's statement was wrong, the Aceh war continued in a guerrilla manner with the spirit of fisabilillah continue to blaze across Aceh. This guerrilla war was held until 1942 before Japan came.During the war with the Dutch, the Sultanate of Aceh requested assistance to a representative of the United States in Singapore who visited the Commander of Tibang Muhammad on his way to the inauguration of Emperor Napoleon III of France. Aceh also sent Habib Abdurrahman azh-Zhahir to ask for help to the Caliph Usmaniyah. But the Ottoman Turks were facing a russian invasion annexing his kawas like uzbekistan and others. While the United States refused to intervene in the affairs of Aceh and the Netherlands.The war raged again in 1883. The Dutch troops sought to free the sailors of the United Kingdom who were being held captive in the territory of the Sultanate of Aceh, and attacked the area. The Sultan of Aceh handed over the prisoners and received substantial payments instead. Meanwhile, Dutch War Minister August Willem Philip Weitzel again declared an open war against Aceh. The Dutch this time requested the help of local leaders, among them Teuku Umar. Teuku Umar was awarded the title of the great warlord and on January 1, 1894 even received a Dutch aid fund to build his army. It turned out that two years later Teuku Umar attacked the Dutch with the new troops. In this guerrilla war Teuku Umar along with Polem Commander and Sultan continued unceasingly. But in 1899 when a sudden attack from Van Der Dussen's party in Meulaboh Teuku Umar died. But Cut NyaK Dhien, Teuku Umar's wife appeared to be a guerrilla warlord.In 1892 and 1893, the Dutch assumed that they had failed to seize Aceh. Dr. Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, an Islamic scholar from the University of Leiden who has gained the trust of many Acehnese leaders, then advises the Dutch that their attacks be directed against the clergy, not the sultan. This advice works. Dr Snouck Hurgronye undercover for 2 years in the interior of Aceh to research the community and state administration of Aceh. His work was bookedLetter of deliveryVan Heutz has created a short letter of surrender that must be signed by Acehnese leaders who have been captured and surrendered, whose contents: The King recognizes his area as part of the Dutch East Indies. The king promised not to make contact with power abroad. Promise to obey all the orders established by the Dutch. (RH Saragih, J Sirait, M Simamora, National History, 1987)The rise of nationalismWhile during Dutch rule, the Acehnese began to cooperate with other regions of Indonesia and engaged in various nationalist and political movements. Sarekat Islam, an Islamic trading organization founded in Surakarta in 1912, arrived in Aceh around 1917. This was followed by Muhammadiyah's social organization in 1923. Muhammadiyah built an Islamic school in Kutaraja (now Banda Aceh) in 1929. Then in 1939, Partai Indonesia Raya (Parindra) opened its branch in Aceh, becoming the first political party there. That same year, the 'ulama established the PUSA (Unity of Allama Aceh), an anti-Dutch organization.world warAceh is increasingly engaged in the Indonesian nationalist movement. When the Volksraad (parliament) was formed, Teuku Nyak Arif was elected the first representative of Aceh. (Nyak Arif was inaugurated as an Aceh resident by the first Sumatra governor, Mr. Teuku Muhammad Hasan).Like many other residents of Indonesia and Southeast Asia, the people of Aceh welcomed the arrival of Japanese troops when they landed in Aceh on March 12, 1942, as Japan promised to free them from colonialism. But apparently the Japanese government is not much different from the Netherlands. Japan again recruited uleebalangs to fill the post of Gunco and Sunco (head of the district and sub-district). This caused the anger of the scholars, and deepened the divisions between the ulama and the uleebalangs. The rebellion against Japan broke out in several areas, including in Bayu, near Lhokseumawe, in 1942, led by Teungku Abdul Jalil, and at Pandrah and Jeunieb, in 1944.